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Text File | 1995-03-09 | 24KB | 2,746 lines

amateur radio station a b c d what are the frequency limits for advanced class operators in 75/80-meter band (ITU region 2) 3525 - 3750 kHz and 3775 4000 3500 3800 3890 40-meter 7000 7300 7025 7350 20-meter 14000 14150 14175 14350 14025 14200 15-meter 21000 21200 21250 21450 21300 21025 21225 21270 if you technician plus licensee with certificate of successful completion examination (CSCE) privileges how do identify your when transmitting on 14.185 MHz give call sign followed by name VEC who coordinated exam session where obtained CSCE slant mark "/" identifier "AA" may not use new until license arrives from FCC word "Advanced" must an operator using extra frequencies during contest assuming control holds his or her own operator's "AE" either "KT" cannot while operating only is maximum mean power permitted any spurious emission transmitter external RF amplifier below 30 50 mW 100 10 W much fundamental emissions be attenuated at least dB 40 between 225 60 having 25 less 5 microwatts 20 meant remotely controlled A operated away its regular home location point located other than under automatic indirectly through link term that without being present simplex manual linear which kind operation automatically model craft beacon auxiliary repeater stations remote controlling devices procedures so does have to output such all times locally responsibilities differ one local there no required 10-meter available 28.0 28.7 29.0 29.7 29.5 28.5 6-meter 51.00 52.00 50.25 53.00 54.00 2-meter 144.5 145.5 146 148 144 1.25-meter 220.25 225.00 222.15 221.00 223.00 70-cm 420 431 433 435 438 450 440 445 439 23-cm 1270 1300 1295 1240 malfunctions long continue transmit seconds minutes 3 device controls unattended two means time station's transmission apparatus effect tone wire many amplifiers particular design capable unlicensed non-amateur build modify calendar year obtaining grant type acceptance 1 none manufacturer was granted models would this allow market current their equipment future both condition dealer sell it has been accepted purchased used sold another assembled kit imported country require country's government following standards met qualify produce full legal driven more watts input switching networks exhibit gain 0 over range satisfy placed "standby" "off" position but still connected signal 24 35 stronger desired time-delay circuit prevent continuously ten (unless higher drive level specified) modification voiding warranty 6 entire disqualify accessible wiring altered permit manner contrary rules failure include schematic diagram theory capability switched 1500 adjustments operate features designed facilitate telecommunication service omission safety switch high-voltage supply turn off cabinet opened 15 inclusion instructions produces signals 26 28 bandwidth-expansion modulation RTTY image spread spectrum pulse techniques bands hybrid direct hopping sequence logarithmic feedback binary allowed transmissions communications sent point-to-point within system cooperating passing international third-party retransmission NOAA weather broadcasts communicate those registered civil defense organization space above 222.0 (the band) NOT 222.00 432 436 222.10 223.91 437 430 434 hold general identified morse code keying identification speed 13 words per minute limitation often once each end series beginning every activity digital part communication needed geographic descriptions approximately describes "Line A" line roughly parallel south US-Canadian border west US atlantic coastline north US-Mexican gulf east pacific segment they 21.225-21.300 53-54 222-223 420-430 national quiet zone area puerto rico surrounding aricebo telescope mexico white sands test maryland virginia astronomy observatory florida cape canaveral agencies protected interference operations green bank WV NASA's mission center houston TX NM shuttle launch facilities FL prohibited sending messages hire material compensation calling commercial tow truck breakdown highway employer see customers contact false distress as "joke" conditions notify amateurs availability sale trade airwaves never air result profit conducted basis serial number accept payment (other club station) send employed emergency traffic circumstances providing services party portable red cross drills message business total money involved exceed $25 agency neither nor pecuniary interest obtain before installing antenna structure 200 feet high environmental assessment special temporary authorization prior approval effective radiated statement permission wish install exceeds ground federal aviation administration (FAA) commission (FCC) protection (EPA) aeronautics (NASA) credit given applicant unexpired (or expired grace period) FCC-issued elements telegraphy requirements written element ability demonstrate taking 1(A) receive text WPM besides letters alphabet numerals 0-9 period comma question additional characters examinations prosigns AR BT SK open closed parenthesis dollar counted 2 8 minimum age volunteer examiner 16 21 18 person whose ever revoked suspended after years elapsed since revocation suspension review subsequent employee company engaged distribution connection sales normally manufacturing serves benefits policies administer novice three accredited examiners old holding compensated out-of-pocket expenses traveling miles site applicants attending penalties fraudulently administering months monetary fine $500 day offense committed restriction considerations soon grade applicant's completed immediately 48 hours days submit application coordinating 7 nearest field office washington DC gettysburg PA facsimile radioteletype form picture printed pictures slow-scan television video permanent display paper modern standard scan rate transmitted 240 lines 150 second approximate frame lpm 3.3 1/60 xerography ACSSB converts variations brightness darkness into voltage LED hall-effect transistor photodetector optoisolator information baudot ASCII moving commonly color 128 256 180 360 audio black 2300 hz 2000 120 why received spread-spectrum resistant spectrum-spreading algorithm suppressed receiver keeps easily overpowered always equipped processor (DSP) filter detected will change technique (FH) work wait clear pseudo-random bit stream shift phase carrier very rapidly changed according most common data HF packet bauds 110 300 1200 sporadic-E E-region height caused sunspot brief decrease VHF levels meteor trails patches dense ionization partial tropospheric ducting propagation scattered relatively develop seasonally heights auroral scatter world prevalent equatorial regions arctic northern hemisphere western extended-distance observed meters 160 upon readability SSB increases FM clearer CW fluttery cause low charged particles sun showers concentrated latitudes direction should directional pointed take advantage ionosphere occur F-region D-region modes best AM increased ground-wave distance decreases stays same waves don't propagate along earth's surface typical polarization vertical horizontal circular elliptical causes selective fading small changes beam heading receiving differences radio-wave components experienced large ordinarily occurring shortly sunrise sunset called wave faraday rotation diversity reception suffer double sideband AMTOR SSTV bandwidth affect pronounced wide bandwidths narrow determines radio-path horizon geometric skip bent farther VHF/UHF 15% twice one-half four 3-element yagi horizontally mounted main lobe takeoff angle vary flat increasing depends downward slope (moving antenna) gets steeper depend high-angle travels some F2 oblique-angle ray pedersen ordinary heaviside excluding enhanced normal 1000 500 usually responsible propagating absorption moonbounce happens electromagnetic encounters molecules loses kinetic energy gains aurora created nothing because physical substance chosen net highly accurate reference accurately measuring generate wide-band random counter makes measurements measures deviation generates broad-band noise fed oscilloscope lissajous figure displayed screen looping pattern loops vertically rectangular mm oval dip-meter field-strength meter SWR variable LC oscillator metered marker generator indicates strength gives indication resonant function reflected specific desensitize detector coil coupled cancels harmonics increase Q ways could measure traps percentage resonance impedance tuned types coupling checked resistive inductive capacitive strong accuracy tightly loosely possible first then jumper too generated reading results occurs intermodulation distortion construction uses leadless board pads raised mounting integrated factors limit response stability D'Arsonval-type calibration size mechanical tolerance electromagnet movement mass resistance linearity base deflection tube face increments can improved triggered sweep crystal digits readout logic temperature coefficient slower improving faster +/- 1.0 ppm reads 146,520,000 actual measured 165.2 14.652 146.52 1.4652 0.1 1465.20 432,100,000 43.21 432.1 0.2 4321 excessive reduces sensitivity third-order dynamic allows nearby interfere weak reduction near desensitization quieting cross-modulation squelch rollback adjusted adjacent-channel way reduced shield causing problem capture demodulated strongest weakest blocking FM-phone discrimination floor noisy atmospheric amount overload stage internal 8-dB IF (1-dB compression point) -20 dBm -119 119 -146 superheterodyne rejection ratio product AGC loop MDS (MDS) responsiveness S-meter discernible detect distorting overloading detectable lowest highest transmitters mix together final unwanted sum difference original neutralization adjacent channel out airplanes overhead close proximity eliminated C driving terminated circulator ferrite isolator feed duplexer band-pass low-pass different rectification preamp harmonic heard addition refer superimposed better decreasing AF adjusting passband tuning inverted sidebands electronic little lack nonlinear circuits positive 146.70 receives intermodulation-product whenever transmits likely interfering 146.34 146.61 146.88 146.10 147.30 73.35 239.40 suffers 14 cures might attached high-pass example splatter overdeviation 2nd-harmonic across reactances larger applied them capacitance conductance electrical pass reactance equals factor equal square root reactive quiescence equilibrium magnitude R-L-C compared resistor inductor capacitor zero circulating L-C relationship leads 90 degrees of) R 47 ohms L microhenrys picofarads 79.6 1.78 3.56 7.96 1.99 3.18 7.12 10.1 63.7 13.1 14.5 4 19.9 17.8 2.84 28.4 21.3 2.13 23.7 35.4 28.1 49.7 microhenry 9 17.7 53.1 value (C) 14.25 2.2 microfarads 254 44 3933 4.7 kilohms 50.3 15.9 29.1 5.31 3.54 2.65 20.5 18.4 2.12 1.33 6.63 10.3 1.77 1.68 inductance (L) 253.8 millihenrys 3.9 0.353 2.8 skin flows thinner layer conductor closer thermal effects flow seeburg almost magnetic around few thousandths inch conductor's AC due self-inductance heating interior currents insulation conducts heisenburg conductors non-linear store electrostatic battery transformer unit stored coulomb joule watt volt magnet force acts plates drives oriented about relation electron opposite directions; omnidirectional determined left-hand rule divided diameter amperes-joules potential joules-coulombs half-power 1.8 95 18.9 1.89 189 58.7 3.6 218 606 47.3 16.5 7.1 211 21.1 12.8 27.9 17 10.5 21.15 4.49 44.9 22.3 222.6 223 18.1 195 92.8 10.8 3.7 118 76.2 31.4 187 peak 2:1 14.128 2.7 75.1 7.51 71.5 0.013 4.31 43.1 13.3 0.023 4.468 0.00735 7.35 0.136 14.225 3.5 0.0319 31.9 7.125 8.2 kilohm 36.8 0.273 0.368 2.73 0.221 4.52 0.00452 22.1 12.6 22 39 25.6 0.0256 3.625 0.031 32.2 31.1 42 220 23 0.00435 4.35 0.23 43 1.84 0.543 54.3 included XC XL 36.9 leading lagging 76 250 68.2 14.1 75 81.47 14.04 wattless nonproductive consumed lost leakage out-of-phase associated inductors capacitors true envelope dissipated heat goes back forth electric fields formation multiplying apparent subtracting dividing RMS R-L degree 1.414 0.866 0.5 1.73 45 0.707 0.577 100-V amperes 400 80 0.6 200-V 1600 600 0.71 704 355 252 1.42 magnitudes greater resistances 4-dB loss 2-dB 1-dB 6-dBd 199 39.7 62.9 5-dB 3-dB 7-dBd 79.2 315 31.5 40.5 10-dBd 299 37.6 237 350 316 794 126 79.4 1260 601 79 2.2-dB 1977 78.7 286 3.2-dB 0.8-dB 317 2.8-dB 1.2-dB 159 632 63.2 (including everything between) considering losses A5-1 values V2 R3 V1 volts R1 R2 = 5.33 2.67 6.67 3.33 12 principle replacement complex two- terminal network sources single source ohm's law kirchhoff's laplace's theorem thevenin's widely semiconductor metallic nonmetallic characteristics silicon gold germanium galena bismuth gallium arsenide preference bipolar transistors high-power microwave produced adding antimony atoms crystals J-type MOS-type N-type P-type contains free electrons pure insulated gate arsenic indium fewer superconductor-type bipolar-type majority charge carriers neutrons protons holes impurity atom provides excess acceptor donor adds insulator principal characteristic zener diode constant varying negative varies A6-1 symbol tunnel forward PIV rating amplification oscillation junction terminals varactor silicon-controlled rectifier hot-carrier balanced mixers generation UHF detectors inverse EMF diodes rated reverse structurally categories electrolytic vacuum diode/rectifier PIN light-emitting bias luminescence property toroidal 10-turn winding core load reactivity permeability careful selection cores useful several 3000 hundred GHz materials make ferromagnetic transformers powdered-iron toroids silicon-ferrite shellac powdered-ferrite silicon-epoxy important reason rather generally initial permeabilities turns easier surface-mount technology lower good choice toroid common-mode choke (such telephone wires stereo speaker core) cure RFI 61 (initial 125) 850) powdered iron 8) 3) parasitic suppressors butterworth filters beads steel-core primary instead contain couple hysteresis bifilar-wound taped wound (binocular provide 2-to-1 transformation pair place windings 1-mH index (A sub L) 523 229 5-microhenry 141 cathode plate grid collector emitter sink alpha respect beta cutoff practical configuration upper A6-2 NPN PNP grounded decreased 0.7 obtainable corner indicate transition density P-N P- fully saturated cut unijunction anode (SCR) stable conducting nonconducting oscillating quiescent conduction solid-state similar (as anode) forward-biased gated "on" A6-3 fabricated complementary rectifiers (SCRs) bilateral SCR TRIAC field-effect happen neon lamp presence glow NE-2 bulb dial V component 150-pF 10-mH 150-kilohm 10-kilohm single-sideband phone lattice -6 2.1 double-sideband made interlaced quartz resonate 1-kHz intervals shallow skirts steep construct low-cost high-performance choose matches match ensure 20% carefully select units 10% helps determine shape relative individual preceding amplitude piezoelectric deformation light reversed states exposed suitable constructing preamplifier 1296 2N2222 MRF901 MSA-0135 monolithic (MMIC) MPF102 N-junction (JFET) simplify 3456-MHz MSA-0735 MGF1402 (GaAsFET) consists "pill sized" package lead operational (OAIC) (IAIC) building containing ground-plane "ugly" microstrip wave-soldering supplied MMICs directly bias-voltage (VCC IN) portion cycle exactly B AB efficiency just saturation formula (RF / in) x 100% out) (DC oscillations procedure vacuum-tube pi-network adjust loading dip alternately even-order prevented push-push push-pull single- intelligibility inversion neutralized feeding in-phase flywheel continued motion turned rectified distant hops tank-circuit reduce acceptable 1.2 shown A7-1 regulator follower purpose resistors fixed self C1 decoupling C3 bypass A7-2 high-gain common-collector grounded-emitter regulation C2 hum filtering A7-3 D1 stabilization clipping Q1 ripple current-handling resonates decouples bypasses brute prevents self-oscillation clips peaks couples supplies consisting entirely incidence matching isolated offers L-network constant-K constant-M arranged network's limited utility power-handling capabilities thermally unstable prone pi-L-network inverter discrete parts T-network (shunt) properties transforms impedances multiband suppression greatest inverse-Pi amplifying M pi T pi-L transform introduces cancel transconductance substitute groupings hartley colpitts pierce tune 20-microhenry 80-meter 100-picofarad 2-microhenry 64 88 15-picofarad 100-microhenry 160-meter 78 405 distinguishing series- shunt-element requires maximally chebyshev described sharp active passive op-amp gradual rolloff minimal stop-band extremely gradually rounded corners infinitely deep notches stop extreme ramp switches state duty proportional varied proportion typically applications requiring efficient utilization shunt unregulated sensing accomplished error wireless outside compares three-terminal voltages drop specified passes reverse-breakdown pass-transistor major taft exist oscillate sufficient overcome tapped divider neutralizing easy neutralize doesn't tank VFO armstrong deForest lock-in phase-locked (PLL) synthesizer locking modulating changing squelching critical signal-to-noise reached nulling mode mixing process whereby imposed F3E modulator mixer microphone DSB modulated detuning shaping added proportionally attenuate giving even de-emphasis heterodyne suppressor prescaler pre-emphasis restore detection masking intelligence recovery amplifies narrows mixes incoming detects products discriminator splitter closely band-switching detecting ratios well potentiometers notch all-pass amplitude-response processing remove adaptive hilbert-transform phase-inverting generating cavity DSP elimination wideband comparison differentiation combination appear advantages frequency-conversion selectivity optimal tuned-circuit soft limiting reaches blanking beat voltage- programmable diode-switching matrix accumulator lookup table analog converter antialias blocks variable-frequency voltage-controlled contained waveform represent sine-wave memories spectral synthesizers broadband conversion spurs nyquist 10,000 20,000 audio-amplifier darlington mutual speech raise adequate fixed-tuned pass-band demodulator buffer considered selecting intermediate improve performance move far short keep bleed-through A3C ATV slow TV A3F F3F F3C tone-modulated voice J3A J3F single-channel subcarrier resulting aural MCW union (ITU) necessary designators zones plans indicators describe most-used symbols ITU designator nature multiplexing J representing suppressed-carrier permissible decibels G phase-modulated P unmodulated pulses width quantized third D telemetry telecommand F (video) variation color-burst fast class-B class-C removed heterodyning compressibility frequency) side 0.3 producing instantaneous 2-kHz 6000 1/3 average swing minus accepting 0.16 1.66 7.5 2.14 0.214 0.47 alternating right angles travel million 468 186,300 penetrate fraction wavelength oxide eddy dissipates become aligned propagates medium refractive return polarized earth perpendicular circularly rotating circle HF-band man-made front-end VHF/UHF- sine constant-voltage varying-current instant represented wheel uniform laws trigonometric tangent polarity starting axis complete 270 crossings abruptly remains excursions occupy unequal portions cosine sawtooth up odd alternates spends straight rise fall vice versa) significantly household outlet 170 340 peak-to-peak 120-V 340-V 85-V 170-V 340-volt 240-V 300-V equivalent root-mean-square found determining D'Arsonval wavemeter known voices PEP 2.5 PEP-to-average 900 1765 2500 850 1250 1667 800 radiation combined dissipate atmosphere able radiate need know transfer near-field calculate front-to-side front-to-back transmission-line length objects conductors' length/diameter antennas beamwidth ohmic folded dipole one-quarter ends piece hypothetical theoretical discussions replace compare simple essentially 50% numerical relating phasing present) expected perform points formed imaginary drawn note down compute angular strengths lobes front rear draw calculated (radiation resistance) (total (effective output) comparable half-wave radial isolating coax shortening lengthening free-space orientation (H field) (E elevation A9-1 azimuth bode H-Field 36 evaluate E-Field patterns these choices whole feedpoint radically rearward excessively dielectric solely becomes widened boom lengthened properly retuned computer program modeling graphical analysis method moments calculus "Method moments" modeled segments distinct H-field real A9-2 E-Plane right-hand elliptically strongly affects far-field low-angle conductivity soil watering radials quarter affected seawater versus rocky high- greatly minor nulls filled elevated-radial counterpoises popular on-ground systems modest eighth-wavelength inductively loaded compromise minimize half-wavelength wire-mesh wavelengths 72 shortened radiator node mobile swamp maximize disadvantage trap single-band sharply directivity higher-frequency minimizes lowered "hairpin" lumped-constant parallel-resonant coils top structural velocity terminating shielding coaxial cable multiplied surge standing polyethylene 2.70 0.66 0.30 0.10 termination dielectrics resistivity shorter moves electrically (Assume 0.66.) 2.33 3.51 0.25 7.2 6.88 14.10 0.95.) 20.2 70.8 twin 3.65 0.8.) 0.8 parameter interactions mismatched reflection 1:1 450-ohm ladder 0.195-inch-diameter RG-58) dB/100 smaller